Party bosses worked this scheme throughout the 19th century: rounding up drifters and drunkards, registering them at flophouses in swing districts and herding them to the polls on Election Day. Cunning politicos realized that by relocating just a few thousand voters, they could sway races, elect presidents, shape a nation of millions. Americans called it colonization β a fitting name in an era when political machines settled empires not overseas but in Manhattan or Sheboygan, Wisc.